Click or tap on any of the command names underlined for more info!
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Linux Commands
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ac: prints statistics about users' connect time in hours,
$ac-pd : shows daily user connect time and statistics (psacct / acct package needs to be installed and enabled first) -
anacron: cron job scheduler for systems that don't run 24/7, ensures scheduled tasks run after system startup
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arch: displays machine architecture, same as uname -m (e.g., x86_64, aarch64)
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atop: advanced system and process monitor with daily logging capability (requires installation via package manager)
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bat: enhanced cat clone with syntax highlighting, git integration, and line numbers (requires installation)
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bmon: bandwidth monitor and rate estimator (requires installation)
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$cat /etc/*release: displays Linux distribution and version information
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$cat /proc/cpuinfo: displays detailed processor information
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ccze: log colorizer for better readability. Example:
$sudotail -f /var/log/messages | ccze or$sudocat /var/log/messages | ccze -m ansi | less -R -
$cd -: changes to previous working directory
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$clear: clears terminal screen (shortcut: Ctrl+L)
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$ctrl-a / $ctrl-e: move cursor to beginning/end of command line
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$ctrl-z: suspends current process; resume with
$fg(foreground) or$bg(background) -
$df -h: displays disk space usage in human-readable format
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delta: Syntax-highlighted git diff viewer. Example:
$gitdiff | delta -
dig: DNS lookup utility for querying DNS nameservers
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$dmesg -H: displays kernel ring buffer messages (-H for human-readable timestamps where supported)
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$du -hs: shows directory sizes in human-readable format, summarized
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dust: More intuitive disk usage with better visualization. Example:
$dust -
eject: safely ejects removable media (CD/DVD drives, USB devices)
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env: displays environment variables or runs a program in modified environment
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eza: Better ls with colors, icons, and Git integration. Example:
$eza-la or$eza--tree -
$find /etc -name "*conf": finds all files ending in "conf" under /etc directory
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$free -h: displays system memory usage in human-readable format
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fd: Fast alternative to find with better defaults. Example:
$fdpattern -
fzf: Interactive fuzzy finder for command-line navigation. Example:
$fzfor$ls| fzf for filtering -
grep: recursively searches for case-insensitive patterns in files. Example:
$grep-Pri "search_term" . -
head: displays first part of files (default: 10 lines)
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inode: index node containing file metadata and disk block location. View with
$ls-i -
$inxi -Finc 0 > system_data.txt: generates detailed system hardware report (requires inxi installation)
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$kill $(pgrep process_name): terminates all processes matching the specified name
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lastlog: shows last login time for all users. Filter active users:
$lastlog| grep -v "Never" -
ldd: prints shared library dependencies of executables
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less: terminal pager for viewing text files with scrolling and search capabilities
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locate: quickly finds files using database (run
$sudoupdatedb to update database) -
logsave: saves command output to a timestamped log file. Example:
$logsave~/output.log command -
lsblk: displays information about block devices (disks, partitions, etc.) in a tree format
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$lslogins: displays user login information. -u shows all users, -Lu shows last login details
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man: manual page viewer
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$man -f command: displays brief descriptions of command (equivalent to whatis). Requires
$sudomandb (newer systems) or$sudomakewhatis -
$man -k keyword: searches manual page descriptions for keyword (equivalent to apropos)
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$man ascii: displays ASCII character set table
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$man -w command: shows the location of command's manual page
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$man -a command: displays all manual pages for command in sequence
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$man -t command | ps2pdf - command.pdf: converts man page to PDF
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$man -H command: displays manual page in HTML format (if supported)
System Administration
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mount: mounts filesystems. Example:
$sudomount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb -
umount: unmounts filesystems safely before removal
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systemctl: controls systemd services. Examples:
$sudosystemctl start nginx,$systemctlstatus ssh -
ps: displays running processes. Useful options:
$psaux,$ps-ef -
top: displays and updates sorted information about running processes
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htop: interactive process viewer with better interface than top (requires installation)
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netstat: displays network connections, listening ports, and routing tables
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ss: modern replacement for netstat. Example:
$ss-tuln -
iptables: configures Linux kernel firewall rules (requires root privileges)
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ufw: Uncomplicated Firewall - simplified iptables interface
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crontab: manages user's cron jobs. Examples:
$crontab-e,$crontab-l -
service: controls system services on older systems. Example:
$sudoservice apache2 restart -
journalctl: queries systemd journal logs. Examples:
$journalctl-u nginx,$journalctl-f -
rsync: synchronizes files and directories efficiently
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wget: downloads files from web servers. Example:
$wgethttps://example.com/file.zip -
curl: transfers data to or from servers. Supports many protocols
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tar: archives and compresses files. Examples:
$tar-czf archive.tar.gz files/,$tar-xzf archive.tar.gz -
gzip: compresses files using gzip algorithm
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zip: creates zip archives. Example:
$zip-r archive.zip folder/ -
unzip: extracts zip archives. Example:
$unziparchive.zip -
chmod: changes file permissions. Examples:
$chmod755 script.sh,$chmod+x file -
chown: changes file ownership. Example:
$sudochown user:group file.txt -
su: switches user account. Example:
$su- username -
sudo: executes commands as another user (typically root)
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passwd: changes user password. Example:
$passwdusername -
usermod: modifies user account properties. Example:
$sudousermod -aG sudo username -
useradd: adds new user account. Example:
$sudouseradd -m -s /bin/bash newuser -
userdel: deletes user account. Example:
$sudouserdel -r username -
groups: displays groups that current user belongs to
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id: displays user and group IDs for current or specified user
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who: displays currently logged in users
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w: displays who is logged in and what they are doing
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uptime: displays system uptime and load averages
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history: displays command history. Example:
$history| grep search_term -
uname: displays system information. Useful options:
$uname-a,$uname-r -
hostname: displays or sets system hostname
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date: displays or sets system date and time
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timedatectl: controls system time and date settings in systemd
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fdisk: manipulates disk partition tables (requires root). Example:
$sudofdisk -l -
parted: partition editor that supports GPT and MBR partition tables
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mkfs: builds filesystems on devices. Example:
$sudomkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 -
fsck: checks and repairs filesystems. Example:
$sudofsck /dev/sdb1
Checkout the below pdf from tldr.sh ...
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